1- Forages
The characteristics of various roughages in the feeding of beef cattle; - vegetation status, amount of HS and energy density, amount of harmful components - feed consumption, effect of feed on energy consumption, combined effect of roughage (such as corn + alfalfa) amount of roughage consumption - CA and GCAA level at the end of fattening - genotypes of cattle, rearing styles, etc. Green baits affected by factors. The best is the supply of green corn and meadow-legume mixes. In order to increase the value of the ration, 2 green feed ingredients or a mixture of silage and dry roughage should be used.

2- Dry Forages
Straw is one of the most commonly used roughage in our country. Straw is the poorest quality among roughage. For young and high-yielding cattle, canned dry roughage is important, as are high amounts of by-pass protein and oilseed meal. Since the HS contained in pellet dry green feeds is not sufficient for rumen motoric functions, 0.5-1 kg of straw should be consumed for cellulose purposes. Beef cattle can be given either untreated or mechanically and/or chemically treated straw. The amount of straw varies according to the energy concentration of the feeds and the concentrated feed additive. Fattening with Sugar Beet Pulp: Beet pulp, which is a by-product of the sugar industry, which is offered to the consumption of animals as dry and wet, is a high-energy feed. It is widely used in beef cattle. Dried sugar beet pulp has the ability to absorb water several times its weight, so it should be wetted with 5-6 times of water before being fed to the animals. It can be used with straw as it is poor in filler. Sugar beet pulp is very poor in terms of protein, vitamins A and P minerals. When SPP is included in the rations, this deficiency should be eliminated. Since SPP is difficult to store, it must be ensiled as in silage. Silage: Energy-rich and best consumed silages should be added to calf rearing feeds and the final fattening of cattle. If the silage is of poor quality, they should be used during the pre-feeding period. To achieve the same fattening results as poor quality silage, a high level of concentrated feed is usually required. Brewer's Yeast and Malt Pulp Fresh brewer's yeast and malt pulp are stable for 2-4 days, depending on the ambient temperature. Conservation with organic acids (such as propionic acid) prolongs the preservation period. Malt pulp silage provides the required amount of protein for corn silage, improves the digestion of corn silage.

3- Concentrated Feeds
A balance of 1:2.5 between roughage and concentrated feed can be established in young cattle and 1/1.5-2 in older cattle. However, in some cases it is not possible to comply with them and concentrated feed application is required at a level of up to 80-87% in intensive fattening. While preparing the ration for beef cattle, the cheapest of the feed materials containing the same nutrient should be selected. Especially in our country, since feeds are not priced according to their nutritional values, the cheapest nutrient sources should be chosen for an economic efficiency. Fats are well evaluated as energy in cattle. Feed oil can be added to the rations in a way not to exceed 4% in DM.

Calf Fattening:
Calf meat contains 30% less energy than beef (approximately 500 kg CA) and is lighter in color. The light color is due to a deficiency in Fe supply (milk is poor in Fe) and a lack of myoglobin synthesis of the muscle colorant. Some feeding methods (liquidation only, less roughage and concentrated feed) delay the development of the forelimbs and low slaughter weight is achieved. As a result of calf fattening with milk, 130-150 kg CA is reached, and with milk and concentrated feed, 180-200 kg CA is reached. Milk fat and protein should be reduced as much as possible in calf fattening.

1. Fattening with milk replacer feed (SRM) Milk replacer feeds and skim milk enriched with less expensive vegetable or animal fats are used following colostrum application. The main part of the substitute feed consists of fat, skimmed milk powder (at least 55%), minerals and active substances. Average GCAA is 1200 g and gains 100-120 kg (initial weight 50 kg) live weight in 85-100 days. The aim in production is to reach the slaughter weight of 100-120 days old calves to 150-170 kg.

2. Extended Calf Fattening Concentrated and roughage used in calf feeding ensures the development of forelimbs. In extended calf fattening (heavy calf fattening: 180-250 kg CA), calf meat (fine fiber, delicate and quite lean) undergoes some changes as a result of the addition of these feeds. Unlike milk fattening, the meat is red in color. Grain mixtures are added as concentrate feed in calf rearing feeds or basic mix. In extended calf fattening, the amount of milk is reduced from 10 weeks of age. Addition of concentrated feed should start as early as possible (from week 2). Heifer Fattening and Pre-utilization of Heifers Heifer fattening constitutes a small part of the livestock. Generally, female non-pregnant animals or those who are out of breeding for various reasons are used. While the slaughter weight is 350 kg in heifer fattening in which intensive method is applied, 400 kg CA is reached in fattening made with fattening hybrids. When fattening is continued after this CA, feed consumption increases rapidly and an intense lubrication occurs in the body. Energy and protein consumption values ​​in heifer fattening are 40% and 20% higher, respectively, than calf fattening. Aged Cattle Fattening Aged cattle fattening animals have a large amount of fat storage and these meats have a high energy density. The energy and survival requirement of adult animals for fattening is calculated over GCAA. In regions where pasture is plentiful and forage is cheap, these animals are fed economically. With additional feeds, GCAA reaches 900 g.

1- Breast Edema
It is a problem seen before and after calving in high-yielding heifers and cows. It is caused by the accumulation of excess fluid in the breast and surrounding tissues. The breast becomes swollen and tense. Breast edema is mostly related to feed. It is known to be related to salt and energy intake. However, controlling the herd is not always successful. Frequent milking helps in treatment. Massage with ice is helpful at first, if delayed events are concerned, hot massage is helpful. Breast edema that cannot be treated for a long time can be permanent and lead to saggy breasts. In drug treatment, diuretics, anti-inflammatory drugs and dexamethasone preparations are used in postpartum cases.

2- Opinions on Prevention of Breast Edema:
It is reported that breast edema is mostly seen at first birth. Breast edema generally decreases with each birth compared to the previous one. It is more likely to be seen in cows fattened before birth. Cows giving birth after a long dry period are more likely to have udder edema. It is thought to have aspects related to heredity since it is stated that it is seen in very productive cows. The most important factor is sodium and potassium excess. Potassium and sodium limited feeding close to birth is very important in terms of prevention.

Rinderpest, also known as malkiran or chor, is a contagious disease that causes high rates of death. High fever, redness of the eyes, tears and runny nose, a sprinkling of dandruff in the mouth, sores on the gums, inner face of the lips, tongue and palate, foamy saliva and diarrhea are the symptoms of sick animals. The definitive diagnosis of the disease is made in laboratories. The disease is transmitted by contact with tears, nasal discharge, saliva and feces of sick animals. Treatment; There is no treatment for sick animals. When the symptoms are noticed, the sick animals are immediately separated and the veterinarian is informed. Dead or killed animals are buried in deep pits by taking necessary precautions. Animals that do not have a health report and whose origin is not known should not be taken into the herd. The method of protection by vaccination can be applied to the animals provided. It is a notifiable disease.

There is a large amount of economic losses in cattle due to abortion every year. This situation means great harm for the breeders and our country. The disease is transmitted to animals by mixing of waste puppies, brood membranes and liquids contaminated with microbes into animal feed, pasture grazing and drinking water. Diseased animals milk, urine, etc. conditions, they scatter large amounts of microbes to the environment and cause the spread of the disease.
The disease is not understood until the offspring is expelled. Puppy 6-7-8. Throws in the months are the most obvious signs. The Following Points Should Be Considered to Prevent the Spread of the Disease a. It is necessary to have sufficient information about the disease. b. Sick animals should be separated from the herd barn and kept in another place for 3-4 weeks. NS. The previous barns should be cleaned and disinfected with medication, taking into account the possibility of diseased animals spreading germs. D. Female calves should be vaccinated first at 3-8 months of age, and then annually with a Brucella vaccine.

Diagnosis of the Disease:
Diagnosis is possible by sending the waste pup and pup membranes to the laboratories fresh and whole, where possible, and by examining the blood taken from the animals. - The abortion disease, which we tried to introduce above, is dangerous for humans. It is also transmitted to humans by eating foods such as raw milk of diseased animals, cheese made from contaminated milk, butter and cream. People experience fluctuating fever, sweating, weakness, insomnia, loss of appetite, headaches and joint pains. People who are sick should consult a doctor immediately. In order to prevent disease, dairy products should be boiled before they are prepared, thus killing the contaminated microbes.

The causative agent of the disease is E. coli. Infection occurs through the mixing of the microbe into the blood. It progresses rapidly and ends in death. Disease ; It is more common in areas where cows are raised and causes losses. Infection is more common in areas where newborn animals are kept together, in cold, dirty, damp and dark barns. Infection occurs when contaminated milk, water and food are taken into the body through the digestive system. Newborn calves are most susceptible. Puppies first get the disease agent with the milk they suck from their mothers. Feces of animals are a source of microbes and have an important role in transmission. Intrauterine and umbilical cord infections are common. Lack of good care and nutrition and artificial breastfeeding are the predisposing factors for transmission. Vitamin A deficiency increases susceptibility to disease.

Clinical Findings ;
Findings that appear within the first week show three main clinical forms. a) The form that progresses with the mixing of the microbe with the blood: There are sudden deaths. In animals, stagnation is observed, weakness, diarrhea is absent. b) Intoxication form: Poisoning occurs as a result of overgrowth of E. coli in the intestine. Shock and sudden death are clinical findings. c) form with diarrhea: They get sick in this way in the first three weeks. The stool is very watery white in color and sometimes takes on a bloody appearance. The back and tail of the animal are heavily soiled. The stool is foul-smelling and foamy. The fever rises initially. Since the animal does not drink water, problems begin due to water loss. Goosebumps and eyes sunk in. Death occurs in 3-5 days.

Diagnosis: The definition of the disease is easy and it is diagnosed under laboratory conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment is attempted with antibiotics and sulfonamides. When the mothers are going to be dried from the 7th month of pregnancy, they are vaccinated with E. coli vaccine three times a week. In addition, immune serums are administered immediately after birth. Vitamin preparations, anti-diarrheal drugs, mineral substances should be given. Hygienic measures should be taken. Protection: Care and feeding of animals should be paid attention. Puppies should be given colostrum. Necessary measures are taken to prevent navel infection. Animals are vaccinated during pregnancy. Vitamin A supplement is given to the mother.

Foot and mouth disease;
It is a highly contagious disease seen in double-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. In animals, fever rises, vesicles appear in the mouth, nails, and udders. It can result in death, especially in young animals. Adult animals usually recover but may be complicated by secondary diseases. Decreased milk yield, mouth, udder, nail inflammation, weight loss and abortion are the direct effects of the disease.

Vaccination:
There is no specific treatment for foot-and-mouth disease. Symptoms may subside as the vesicles are treated, but virus shedding continues. As with many diseases, foot and mouth disease can be prevented by vaccination. Modern FMD vaccines are fairly simple and contain only the proteins necessary for protection. Vaccination, on the one hand, allows to reduce the circulation of the virus, on the other hand, it provides the opportunity to monitor where the virus is spreading and helps to keep the disease under control.

It is a metabolic disease that occurs in high milk yielding cows in the last months of pregnancy or in the days following birth. It is seen 3 days after birth or in the first weeks of lactation in cows with high milk yield and over 5 years of age. Although it is seen in beef cattle, it is more effective in dairy cows.
In
milk fever;
animals are overexcited, problems in eating and rumination, swaying, teeth grinding, hypersensitivity, spasms in the feet, difficulties in walking and falling. The heartbeat accelerates, the animals lie on the ground, the head turns to the shoulders to rest, the eyes become dull, the pupils become large, the mouth and nose dry, the pulse rate varies between 50-80, digestive disorders, gas formation and vomiting are observed. The main cause of this disease, which is frequently seen in high milk yielding and old cows, is the excretion of too much calcium during the lactation period, while the blood calcium level cannot be kept at a normal level. Giving prenatal calcium-rich feeds increases the risk of milk fever. Excess calcium causes decreased activation of parathormone, which plays a role in mobilizing mineral from bones. Just before birth, the calf needs only 5 grams of calcium per day.

Excessive calcium excretion occurs after calving. With the decrease in the activity of the parathyroid gland, the blood calcium level drops rapidly. Although the blood calcium level is normally 9-10 mg/100 ml, it decreases to 4-5 mg/100 ml in milk fever. The parathormone gland is activated by giving low-level calcium-containing feeds 2-3 weeks before the birth, thus preventing the disease. However, it is recommended that 200 grams of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate be dissolved in 1 liter of water and given to animals susceptible to milk fever within a short time after birth.

In ruminants, non-protein compounds and urea are broken down into ammonia in the rumen. This ammonia is used by microorganisms in the rumen for microbial protein synthesis. Ammonia, which cannot be used in amino acid and protein synthesis, is absorbed from the rumen wall and passes into the blood. Ammonia transported to the liver is used in urea synthesis, rendered harmless and excreted from the kidneys. It is stated that half of the urea formed in the liver is excreted in the urine, and half of it comes back to the rumen. There is a constant nitrogen balance between the rumen and the liver.

Ammonia poisoning manifests itself 30-60 minutes after feed consumption. Breathing becomes more frequent, cramps begin, and the animals lose their balance. Their interest in the environment decreases, swelling occurs in some cases, and in advanced cases, coma and death occur as a result. When non-protein compounds are included in the diet of cattle, the rations should be supplemented with easily soluble carbohydrates. If urea is to be used, the daily amount of urea should not be given in one meal. Recommended amounts should be given little by little and often. Animals with urea poisoning should be supplemented with acetic acid or vitamin A.

This disease is common and causes great losses. The reason is the rapid increase of fermentation gases in the rumen as a result of consumption of green legume feeds. In addition to swelling, free gas accumulation, disruption of the burping mechanism in animals also causes swelling.

In animals with swelling, the left upper abdomen bulges outwards. Animals get cranky, kick their bellies, and pee frequently. Breathing accelerates, the tongue swells, and eventually they collapse to the ground and die. Grass and leguminous fodders are used to prevent swelling, and hay or straw is given to the animals before they are taken out to graze to prevent swelling. Antibiotics, antifoam agents, vegetable and animal oils prevent swelling. Although dry herbs, antibiotics and defoaming agents are effective in mild swelling, in more severe swellings it is necessary to descend into the rumen with a plastic hose, and in case of severe swelling, a trocar should be applied to the hunger pit.